The Dramatic Presentation of Truth, Justice and Morality in The Crucibl

The Dramatic Presentation of Truth, Justice and Morality in The Crucible The Crucible is essentially a story rough witchcraft, but the one key theme which occurs throughout the play and plays a fundamental part in it, is justice. A large proportion of the play is really set in courtroom, the house of justice, which is a truly symbolic way of showing its importance. Normally in every day life, the judge of the court is the person who brings out the justice in the cases brought forwards, but in The Crucible it is not always clear if this is the case sometimes it even seems to be the another(prenominal) way round. Often there are times when pivotal characters such as derriere Proctor will question Judge Hathorn or substitute Governor Danforths decisions and reasoning, and sometimes even the verdict, and the reader will see that in a lot of these cases, the two most powerful and influential men in the town are often in the wrong. This does not say a lot f or the justice system in place in Salem. A vertex example of this is in Act Two, when the authorities are trying to arrest Elizabeth for having a needle in a poppet in her house, because of something Abigail Williams has said. John becomes furious and says, why do you never wonder if Parris be innocent, or Abigail? Is the accuser always holy now? Were they born this morning as clean as Gods fingers? This is a very good argument, and one which the reader feels grateful to John for pointing out. It is a long running error in the play, that infuriates the reader, to think that the only people with plenty power to put things right seem completely oblivious to the fact that they are missing the blindingly ob... ...were hunted like the witches in Salem, and made to name other communists to prove they had abandoned their left wing views. Many fell to McCarthyism, but a few stood up for their beliefs - Arthur Miller being one of them. This is reflected in Jo hn Proctor throughout the play, and both men share the same thoughts and morals. It is obvious that Miller really wanted to put across the idea of being an individual, and stand up up for what you believe in, and to show the irony of how unjust the justice system really was in those days, and still is in some places. It is clear he was very passionate about these things, and it really comes across in this play - just the words are enough to give a good impression of what he is trying to show, and builds up an image of each of the characters which the reader can really relate to.

Good Usage and Good Judgement Essays -- Teaching Writing Education Ess

Good Usage and Good JudgementYou atomic number 18 in indict of hiring one someone for a business and you have in front of you 1,000 applications. How do you go about choosing the right person for the job? It is impractical to telephone all 1,000 people in for an interview in order to get a better idea of the type of worker they might be. First things first, you appear through the applications. If one of the applications has a mis-spelled word- in the circular file it goes. Thats life. If you dont care enough about this job to spell things correctly, then you dont have what it takes for the job. According to or so of our experts on good usage, this is considered lazy. That is nonsense. When confronted with this great task, efficiency is the key. You are not necessarily looking for the best person for the job. You are looking for your idea of the best person for the job. So what if its unfair. Thats life.Anyone who disagrees with this assessment already has a job. You can afford to be high and mighty when you arent the one making the decisions or under a cartridge clip crunch. We brought up the example of a person misspelling coffee on an application. The manager decided that this person was not going to be hired. The point was do that spelling has nothing to do with the ability of the applicant to serve coffee. This point may be correct in an ideal world. But imagine that you were the proprietor of the coffee shop and your profits depended on the competency of the people you hired. Without having prior knowledge of the caliber of the worker, are you going to hire this person? Of course not. You are going to hire someone who has presented themselves, through language, as someone worthy of the job. In the employment world, language is our appeara... ...uck. You file the thought away and wait to bring about that decision when your head has cleared.Youve had a rough day. How can any(prenominal)one come up with a clear-cut decision on good usage when you a re incessantly forced to change it? If you dont change your usage, you wont be conforming to the normal framework of what is appropriate in a given situation. But what is the normal framework? If thither was only a god of good usage in the sky, you could consult him/her and find out what is appropriate. Maybe this god could be an English professor. You realize this would be impossible- they cant seem to agree on the issue of good usage either. You resolve to just use your best judgement considering the circumstances with which you are presented. You dont have any more time to ponder on the point anyway. Youve got another stack of applications waiting for you in the morning.

Women in Management of Grief and A Pair of Tickets Essay -- Women Imag

Women in Management of heartbreak and A Pair of TicketsBoth Management of Grief and A Pair of Tickets were create verbally by women and aboutwomen. Authors were able to portray an image of women which differs from thetraditional, stereotypical literary image of feeble and delicate creatures whoneeded to be cared for. Women in these stories were faced with grandtragedies, but the determining element in their experience was not so much whathappened to them but how they took it.After reading first few pages of Management of Grief one may see Shaila astraditional Indian woman who due to her upbringing was not even comfortableenough with her own economize I was too much the well brought up woman. I wasso well brought up I never felt comfortable calling my save by his firstname (Mukherjee 537). For a person who grew up in North American society thisrevelation may seem to come from an suppress female, but later on in the storywe learn that protagonist could stand up for herself and for other women, likein the airport incident. There over again we were reminded of the way she wasbrought up Once upon a time we were well brought up women we were dutifulwives who kept our heads veiled, our voices shy and sweet (543). Only thistime the statement is ironic. Shailas actions steer us that she is far from thevoiceless, week female she was brought up to be.Shaila was not responsible for her own heredity. She could not control much ofher environment ...

I Am Joaquin Vs. The First Seven Years :: essays research papers

Sometimes many comparableities can be prime between two completely different works of literature. The poem &8220I am Joaquin and the short story &8220The First Seven Years at the said(prenominal) time exhibit twain contrasting positions and similar ideals. Even though &8220I am Joaquin is told from Mexican-American perspective while &8220The First Seven Years is told from Jewish-American perspective, similarities atomic number 18 found in two. They tell of the American Dream and of the two menti onenessd families&8217 roles and influences as a means of attaining that dream. The roles of the families in these works and each version of the American Dream are based on the same ideals, but involve different methods.&8220The First Seven Years and &8220I am Joaquin express the same versions of the American Dream in terms of what is wanted. The idea of both works is a better life for the future generations of the families. Both selections also make it clear that the people involved need a relief of what has been make for many years. &8220I am Joaquin tells of a work with &8220no end. The people want an end to this tiring work they cook done for years with no reward. Feld from &8220The First Seven Years wants his female child to marry someonewho will make the shoemaker&8217s next generation one that is non making shoes. Feld thinks that if his daughter marries a shoemaker, his dream will be ruined because she will not have a better life than her niggle did. Therefore, what is wanted in both selections is not only a better life, but a new life as well.Both works make different ways of realizing their similar versions of the American Dream. In &8220The First Seven Years Feld makes it clear that education is the key to a better life rather than the sticky labor he has gone(a) through for many years. In the beginning of the story he wants his own daughter to go on to college because she shows promise. However she does not want to go. Defeated by his daugh ter&8217s strong will he then wishes to &8220let her marry an educated man and live a better life. Conversely, in &8220I am Joaquin, hard work was thought to be the way to a successful life. The family has lived a life of hardships &8220and work and work to which &8220 on that point is no end. Although unsuccessful in their attempts, this was the idea of how the American Dream was to be realized.I Am Joaquin Vs. The First Seven Years essays research papers Sometimes many similarities can be found between two completely different works of literature. The poem &8220I am Joaquin and the short story &8220The First Seven Years at the same time exhibit both contrasting positions and similar ideals. Even though &8220I am Joaquin is told from Mexican-American perspective while &8220The First Seven Years is told from Jewish-American perspective, similarities are found in both. They tell of the American Dream and of the two mentioned families&8217 roles and influences as a means of attaini ng that dream. The roles of the families in these works and each version of the American Dream are based on the same ideals, but involve different methods.&8220The First Seven Years and &8220I am Joaquin express the same versions of the American Dream in terms of what is wanted. The idea of both works is a better life for the future generations of the families. Both selections also make it clear that the people involved desire a relief of what has been done for many years. &8220I am Joaquin tells of a work with &8220no end. The people want an end to this tiring work they have done for years with no reward. Feld from &8220The First Seven Years wants his daughter to marry someonewho will make the shoemaker&8217s next generation one that is not making shoes. Feld thinks that if his daughter marries a shoemaker, his dream will be ruined because she will not have a better life than her mother did. Therefore, what is wanted in both selections is not only a better life, but a new life as w ell.Both works present different ways of realizing their similar versions of the American Dream. In &8220The First Seven Years Feld makes it clear that education is the key to a better life rather than the hard labor he has gone through for many years. In the beginning of the story he wants his own daughter to go on to college because she shows promise. However she does not want to go. Defeated by his daughter&8217s strong will he then wishes to &8220let her marry an educated man and live a better life. Conversely, in &8220I am Joaquin, hard work was thought to be the way to a successful life. The family has lived a life of hardships &8220and work and work to which &8220there is no end. Although unsuccessful in their attempts, this was the idea of how the American Dream was to be realized.

Hurricanes A-level :: essays research papers

The Caribbean region and the South Eastern United States of America are regularly subjected to the impact of tropical hurricanes(A)Briefly outline characteristics of such hurricanes.The hurricanes that occur over the Caribbean region and the United States of America usually eventuate between magisterial and October. For these hurricanes to occur the surrounding ocean temperatures must be minimal, also there must be a prolonged spell of equable temperature, pressure and humidness in the lower troposphere in conjunction with anti-cyclonic conditions in the upper troposphere. These conditions cause intense low pressure and strong winds at the earth&8217s surface. For their to be enough energy for the hurricane to move, it is essential that there is a considerable source of heat. This is necessary to maintain a consistent supply of rising air in the form of currents. There needs to be a large supply of moisture, as it is necessary for condensation to take place in order to let loose latent heat and it is the latent heat that initiates the development of the storm and consequently produces heavy rainfall.When the hurricane reaches its maturity an eye develops in the centre, in the eye there is a relative area of subsiding pressure. Which is what causes clear skies, anomalous high temperatures and light winds. Eventually the eye disappears as a result of the descending air increase instability, which in turn warms and increases the storms intensity. Around the eye there are towering Cumulo-nimbus clouds. The hurricanes decline as soon as the source of heat is lost/or removed. Although it can take between 9 and 15 days for this to happen. Winds immediately around a hurricane&8217s &8216eye&8217, which is usually about 32km (20 miles) across, reach to a greater extent than 300 km/h (190 mph). But in the eye itself seen in the centre of the spiral-the weather is clear and calm. (B)Identify the various types of damage caused by the transportation of these hurricanes CATEGORY 1 Winds 118-152 Km/hour (64-82 Knots). Damage primarily to shrubbery, trees, poorly constructed signs, and unanchored mobile homes. No significant damage to other structures.Storm surge 1-1.5m supra tide. Low lying coastal roads inundated, minor pier damage, some small craft in exposed anchorages torn from moorings.CATEGORY 2Winds 154-176 Km/hour (83-95 Knots). Considerable damage to shrubbery and tree foliage some trees blown down. Extensive damage to poorly constructed signs. Major damage to exposed mobile home. many damage to exposed mobile homes. Some damage to roofing materials of buildings some window and door damage.

Conflict in William Shakespeares Hamlet Essays -- William Shakespeare

An individuals response to conditions of internal and external impinge is explored throughout literature. In his play, crossroads, Shakespeare delves into the themes of appearance versus reality, lies versus lie, rejection versus self doubt and tragedy, and in doing so attacks the frivolous state of hu opusity in contemporary society. In order to explore these themes, however, he uses some(prenominal) forms of booking to project his opinions and flourish his subjects relating to the themes of the play. Internal conflict, as well as external conflict are dominant features of his works, and in Hamlet are do evident through a succession of dire events which can attack and destroy someone. However perhaps the most captivating form of conflict Shakespeare uses to expand and explore the ideas presented within the text is the conflict between the self and the universe. Old Hamlet is killed by his brother Claudius. Only two months after her husbands death a vulnerable Gertrude marries her husbands brother Claudius. Gertrudes weakness opens the door for Claudius to mint the throne as the king of Denmark. Hamlet is outraged by this, he loses respect for his mother as he feels that she has rejected him and has occupyn no time to mourn her own husbands death. cardinal night old Hamlets ghost appears to prince Hamlet and tells him how he was poisoned by his own brother. Up until this point the kingdom of Denmark believed that old Hamlet had died of natural causes. As it was custom, prince Hamlet sought to avenge his fathers death. This leads Hamlet, the main character into a state of internal conflict as he agonises over what action and when to take it as to avenge his fathers death. Shakespeares play presents the reader with various forms of conflict which plague his characters. He explores these conflicts through the use of soliloquies, recurring motifs, bodily structure and mirror plotting. Shakespeare uses external conflict in order to explore the theme of c onsequence, action and reaction in reaction in relation to consequence. Using the idea of external conflict, the playwright is able to demonstrate the aftermath of a difficult decision, leading to personal moral dilemma. This is made evident to the viewer when Hamlet kills Claudius. away conflict is used to explore Shakespeares view that man is a complex individual and that all actions have a consequence. The conseque... ...proach via another character. Shakespeare uses conflict in Hamlet as a way of exploring ideas. He does this thorough the internal and external conflict that his characters face within the kingdom of Denmark. The conflict that follows is an outcome of lies and deceit which communicates about tragedy. From this play we learn of the difficulty associated with taking a life as Hamlet agonises as to how and when he should kill Claudius and furthermore whether he should take his own life. Hamlet being a logical thinker undergoes major moral dilemma as he struggles t o make accurate choices. From the internal conflict that the playwright expresses to us it is evident that it can kill someone, firstly mentally then physically. The idea of tragedy is explored in great detail through conflict where the playwrights main message is brought across to the audience Shakespeare stresses to his audience the point that conflict be it internal or external it can bring upon the downfall of great people and in turn have them suffer a tragic fate. It is Shakespeares aim to show us the complexity of man and that moral decisions are not easily made. Source Citedhttp//www.enotes.com/hamlet-text

Conflict in William Shakespeares Hamlet Essays -- William Shakespeare

An individuals response to conditions of internal and external conflict is searchd throughout literature. In his stage, Hamlet, Shakespeare delves into the themes of appearance versus reality, lies versus deceit, rejection versus self-importance doubt and tragedy, and in doing so attacks the airheaded state of hu existenceity in contemporary society. In order to explore these themes, however, he uses several forms of conflict to project his opinions and expand his ideas relating to the themes of the play. Internal conflict, as well(p) as external conflict are dominant features of his works, and in Hamlet are made evident through a succession of dire events which merchant ship attack and destroy someone. However perhaps the most captivating form of conflict Shakespeare uses to expand and explore the ideas presented within the text is the conflict between the self and the universe. Old Hamlet is killed by his chum salmon Claudius. Only two months after her husbands death a vulner able Gertrude marries her husbands brother Claudius. Gertrudes weakness opens the door for Claudius to take the throne as the king of Denmark. Hamlet is outraged by this, he loses respect for his mother as he feels that she has rejected him and has taken no time to mourn her own husbands death. One night old Hamlets ghost appears to prince Hamlet and tells him how he was poisoned by his own brother. Up until this point the kingdom of Denmark believed that old Hamlet had died of natural causes. As it was custom, prince Hamlet sought to avenge his fathers death. This leads Hamlet, the main cause into a state of internal conflict as he agonises over what action and when to take it as to avenge his fathers death. Shakespeares play presents the reader with various forms of conflict which plague his characters. He explores these conflicts through the use of soliloquies, recurring motifs, structure and mirror plotting. Shakespeare uses external conflict in order to explore the theme of co nsequence, action and reaction in reaction in relation to consequence. Using the idea of external conflict, the playwright is able to demonstrate the aftermath of a difficult decision, leading to personal moral dilemma. This is made evident to the viewer when Hamlet kills Claudius. External conflict is used to explore Shakespeares view that man is a complex individual and that all actions nurse a consequence. The conseque... ...proach via another character. Shakespeare uses conflict in Hamlet as a way of exploring ideas. He does this radical the internal and external conflict that his characters face within the kingdom of Denmark. The conflict that follows is an outcome of lies and deceit which brings about tragedy. From this play we learn of the difficulty associated with taking a life as Hamlet agonises as to how and when he should kill Claudius and furthermore whether he should take his own life. Hamlet being a logical thinker undergoes major moral dilemma as he struggles to make accurate choices. From the internal conflict that the playwright expresses to us it is evident that it can kill someone, first of all mentally then physically. The idea of tragedy is explored in great detail through conflict where the playwrights main message is brought across to the reference Shakespeare stresses to his audience the point that conflict be it internal or external it can bring upon the downfall of great people and in turn have them suffer a tragic fate. It is Shakespeares aim to show us the complexity of man and that moral decisions are not easily made. Source Citedhttp//www.enotes.com/hamlet-text

Bass Pro Shops

Prep atomic number 18 a S. W. O. T. synopsis for low-pitched master patronages. What types of strategies do you recommend based on your analysis? Strengths (companys internal factors from resources and capabilities)- Bass Pro Shops pose a competitive advantage, which in the text is defined as a firm has a merchandise mix that the target market sees as better than a competitors mix (Perreault et al, 2011 p. 47). The way that Bass Pro Shops has this competitive advantage is that its stack aways pull in become a touring car attraction making customers want to go into their stores to experience the unique environment that incorporates attractions and learning opportunities.In addition, Bass Pro Shops have gained acknowledgement for their outstanding customer service. The people that they employ have been trained and have the expertise in the departments that they are assigned to. Bass Pro Shops is different from other(a) competitors because it offers educational workshops on hobbies and sporting activities. Addition eithery, Bass Pro Shops are much larger than traditional outdoor outfitters, which allow them to offer a broader range of muniment and merchandise.By allowing the customer to use an indoor fishing pond or the shooting range to try out certain products before making a decision, Bass Pro Shops slew eliminate the tension called dissonance that many shoppers feel after making a buy (p. 164). Weaknesses (companys resources and capabilities)- Bass Pro Shop could face weaknesses if they are unable to hire the experienced people with the great customer service that they require. Sometimes it could be hard to find both qualities in a person.If they are unable to locate customer service representatives with the high level of experience they desire, they could overcome this problem through a structured preparedness program. The other problem they could face is high prices. Because they are a higher quality store with a larger and higher-paid staff, their prices are obviously going to be higher than other similar sporting good stores. Customers knowing beforehand of the higher prices efficiency avoid a visit to a Bass Pro Shop altogether to avoid purchasing over-priced merchandise.In addition, an experienced shopper may know exactly what they need for their activity of choice and may realize that the item can be purchased at a common retail store such as Dicks Sporting Goods, Gander Mountain, or even Wal-Mart. Lastly, with the store macrocosm as large as it is, some shoppers may view it as a burden to pick up just a few things because they acceptt want to spend all day in the store. Customers may find it easier to go to a local sporting good store to purchase sporting goods rather than run low to Bass Pro Shop and make a whole day event.Bass Pro can overcome this by advertizing its online store as a convenience to customers. Opportunities (emerge from external environment, customers and competitors) The opportunities that Bass Pro Shop has include getting the customers in the door because they are con side of meatred a family-friendly tourist attraction. Bass Pro Shops have activities, themed restaurants, and entertainment, which can provide something that pass on appeal to each member of a family.The money that they put into their stores to make them different from others makes them much attractive to customers. It would be important for Bass Pro Shops to advertise in a great distance from the store to try and reach out to travelers that might stop by the store on a road trip. Bass Pro Shops offer the education experience as well as the shop experience may help a customer to decide to visit their store instead of the competitors because its a one-stop shop.Lastly, having skilled and highly-trained employees to assist the customers allows for new products to reach the upkeep of consumers for example, if a family enters the store with the intention to purchase camping gear, an experienced camping e nthusiast, the employee, may recommend additional products based on his or her camping experiences, which will generate much(prenominal) sales. Threats (emerge from external environment, customers and competitors) A major threat for Bass Pro Shops is the economy.With the economy in a downturn it makes it a lot more difficult for people to justify spending the money on things that they really do not need. And since these stores are not everywhere you go it causes people to travel long distances in order to visit, which means they have to spend additional money on fuel to get there. The gas prices have been increasing to amounts that have put a damper on a lot of peoples travel plans. With all of the economic problems some customers are going to go somewhere that is more local and better in their price range.In addition, Bass Pro Shops face threats from traditional and specialty sporting stores, mass-merchandisers, and catalog and Internet-based retailers. These merchandise provider s are everywhere and the 50 Bass Pro Shops that are currently in the United States and Canada can be quite a distance for the outdoor enthusiast that already knows what he or she may need. Furthermore, the consumer who enters a store with the intention to only touch and / or play with an item that he or she ultimately plans to purchase online threatens all retail stores.We would recommend that Bass Pro Shops continue to make their stores unique however, making a few smaller stores with some of the same features, lower prices, and appressed to large shopping centers would allow customers to experience the environment, which may entice them to visit the larger stores. I think that since they are such a popular store people would visit the smaller stores, purchase merchandise, and take some of the classes that were offered. . Can you think of retailers in other categories that might successfully emulate the format and exploit of Bass Pro Shops? As the video case states, the marriage between retailing and entertainment is here to stay (p. 635). Although there are not other retailers that have successfully emulated the format and execution of Bass Pro Shops, below is a list of companies that attempt to create a unique experience for the consumer. a.Build-a-Bear Workshops permit kids personalize their stuffed animals. b. Mall of America is more than just a shopping mall it is also a tourist destination. The mall is on the extreme side in that it houses 520 stores, 50 restaurants, and attractions galore, including Nickelodeon Universe, the nations largest theme park, and the new American Girl store. The Mall of America doesnt just have stores and restaurants like other malls it also has a large theme park and an aquarium. . Home Depot and Hobby Lobby have DIY teaching workshops. d. Macys cosmetic department and Bare Minerals stores are set up so that products can be tried before they are purchased. e. IKEA stage their products as actual rooms instead of simply g rouping by product f. Abercrombie and Fitch usually have a unique entrance, loud new-age music, and young hip-looking sales associates to attract its target audience

Religious Freedom

Religious license occupies a special place in contemporary political discussions. It should non. This is not because unearthly exemption is not important but because it is no more and no less important than other forms of immunity of moral sense, teaching and pr scrapice. 2 Many believers point proscribed that faith plays a unique role in their lives. That is often true. Those disbelievers who dismiss belief in God as no more credible than belief in Santa Claus or in fairies miss the point.Religion is more than an intellectual exercise or a matter of logic it often has, for believers, a vital amicable and spiritual function. just now acknowledging the vital and unique role of faith in the lives of believers does not commit us to providing it with a privileged position in society. 3 The reason that religious exemption has a special place in contemporary political debate is historical. Ideas of valuation reserve and of immunity of expression developed in Europe from the s c hargeteenth century onwards primarily within a religious framework.Questions of toleration and expression were at heart questions of how, and how far, the state, and the established church, should accommodate religious dissent. We sack see this in the courses of John Locke, whose Letter Concerning Toleration is a key text in the development of modern liberal ideas near freedom of expression and worship. Lockes starting point was the insistence that the duty of every individual was to seek his own salvation. The means to do so were his religious beliefs and the cleverness openly to worship.The power of the political authorities could not rightfully extend over either sphere. Written at a time when Europe was take in by tempestuous religious strife, and when intolerance and persecution were the norm, Lockes was a powerful argument for religious freedom. It was to a fault an exceedingly narrow conception of liberty. Lockes toleration was rooted primarily in the desire to extend f reedom of worship and theological discussion to nonconformist congregations and placed little emphasis on wider issues of freedom of thought or conscience.Indeed Locke was emphatic in refu snake pitg to extend toleration to many other groups. Neither Catholics not atheists were, in Lockes view, deserving of tolerance, the former because they gave their homage to a foreign prince, the latter because their opinions were contrary to human society and to the preservation of civil society. 4 Lockes near contemporary, the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza, whose views influenced the Radical Enlightenment, proposed a different concept of tolerance.Spinozas starting point, was not, as it was for Locke, the salvation of 1s soul, or the coexistence of churches, but the enhancement of freedom, and the quest for individual liberty and freedom of expression. All attempts to curb free expression, he insisted, not only curtailed legitimate freedom but was futile. No man can give up his freedom t o stress and mobilize as he pleases, and everyone is by absolute natural right master of his own thoughts, Spinoza wrote, so it follows that utter failure entrust attend any attempt in a state to force men to speak only as prescribed by the sovereign in spite of their different and opposing opinion. The right of the sovereign, both in the religious and profane spheres, he concluded, should be restricted to mens actions, with everyone being allowed to think what he wishes and say what he thinks. It is a more inclusive vision of freedom than Lockes, and a more useful starting point and conclusion when thinking about contemporary freedom. 5 Modern ideas of freedom and tolerance ar usually seen, particularly in the West, as having derived from Locke. In fact they draw upon both Locke and Spinoza. The US First Amendment owes much to Spinozas conception of freedom.Even in Europe, where freedom of expression is construed in narrower terms, Spinozas influence remains important, if u nacknowledged. However, despite the widen of the conception of liberty and tolerance, the idea that freedom of religion is a special freedom, an idea that derives primarily from Locke, remains entrenched. 6 Today, we live in very different world from that in which concepts of religious freedom first developed. Religion is no longer the crucible within which political and intellectual debates take place.Questions of freedom and tolerance are not about how the dominant religious establishment should respond to dissenting religious views, but about the degree to which society should tolerate, and the law permit, manner of speaking and activity that efficacy be offensive, hateful, harmful to individuals or de-escalate national security. We can now see more clearly that religious freedom is not a special kind of liberty but one of a broader set of freedoms. If we were think about religious freedom from first principles today, it would not study a special place compared to other form s of freedom of conscience, belief, assembly or action.7 Whatever ones beliefs, lay or religious, on that point should be transact freedom to express them, short of inciting violence or other forms of physical harm to others. Whatever ones beliefs, secular or religious, there should be freedom to assemble to promote them. And whatever ones beliefs, secular or religious, there should be freedom to act upon those beliefs, so long as in so doing one neither physically harms another individual without their consent, nor transgresses that individuals rights in the unexclusive sphere.These should be the fundamental principles by which we judge the permissibility of any belief or act, whether religious or secular. 8 Many on both sides of the debate about religious freedom continue to grapple religion as special. Many atheists want to deny religion the rights accorded to others forms of belief. Many religious believers want to retain privileges for religion. Both are wrong. 9 Some athe ists deliberate that secularism requires that religion be kept out of the saloonlic sphere.It is an argument that cannot be right any more than the claim that the views of racists, conservatives, communists or gay activists must be kept out of the public sphere. A secular space cannot be one in which religion is not permitted to be present. It is, rather, a space in which one religion is granted no advantage over another, nor over any secular philosophy or ideology. It must also be one, however, in which no religion is disadvantaged with respect to another religion, or with respect to secular philosophies and ideologies. 10Many atheists demand also that religious symbols be vetoned in the public sphere. Many states and corporations father imposed such bans, from the refusal to allow the wearing of the cross in the workplace to the outlawing of the burqa in public places. Such bans are infringements of the rudimentary freedoms set out in 7. An employer has every right to ban kin ds of clothing that might be, say, suicidal in a particular workplace. He or she also has the right, in certain circumstances, and within limits, to insist that employees wear a particular uniform, or to desist from wearing something inappropriate.But there should be no general ban on particular forms of clothing or adornment, and certainly no general ban on specifically religious clothing or symbols. 11 The truly dilemmas with religious freedom arise out of questions not of beliefs or symbols but of practices. Many beliefs, religious and secular, imply particular practices. The belief that homosexuality is a sin requires that one refrain from gay relationships or gay sex. The belief that life begins at conception requires that one does not have an abortion or overhaul anyone else to do so.And so on. As a society we should tolerate as far as is possible the desire of people to live concord to their conscience. But that toleration ends when someone acting upon his or her conscien ce causes harm to another without consent, or infringes anothers genuine rights. 12 It is not just in the case of religion that there is a strong relationship between belief and practice. Racists, communists, Greens, New Age mystics all could claim that their beliefs enforce upon them certain actions or practices.We do not, however, allow racists, communists, Greens, or New Age mystics to act upon their beliefs if in so doing they harm others or deny them their legitimate rights. A racist pub owner cannot bar black people from his pub, however deep-set his beliefs. It would be a criminal offence for Greens to destroy a farmers field of legally grown GM crops, however strongly they might feel about such agriculture. There is a line, in other words, that cannot be crossed even if conscience requires one to. That line should be in the same place for religious believers as for non-believers.Society should accommodate as far as is possible any action genuinely required by conscience, bu t not where such acts harms another or infringes their rights. Of course, a religious believer might claim that he or she faces a different kind of compulsion to that felt by a racist, a communist or anyone else attached to secular beliefs. He or she whitethorn feel commanded by God to act in a particular way. It whitethorn well be true that a believer feels a different kind of compulsion. But the reason for which someone feels compelled to act in a particular way is not necessarily pertinent to whether or not such acts should be legally permitted. 13The fact that acts of conscience may sometimes have to be curbed does not mean that in these cases there is a conflict of rights. Just as there is a right to free speech but no right not to be exposeed, so there is a right not to be harmed and to equal treatment, but no right to harm or to discriminate. This is essential to protect religious freedom. An atheist bar-owner should have no right, whatever his conscience may say, to bar pe ople of faith, any more than a Christian bar-owner has the right to bar gays. Such curbs on acts of conscience plainly mean that we live not alone on a desert island but together in a crowded society.14 How would the argument so far throw light on recent conflicts over matters of religious freedom? Should religions have the right to prevent the publication of cartoons or books or plays that are deemed offensive? No. Religious freedom requires that people of faith be allowed to speak or act in ways that might offend others. It does not that require others do not cause offence or promote blasphemy. Is it legitimate for a state to ban the burqa? It is not. Wearing a burqa neither harms, nor discriminates against, others.Of course, one might well believe that the burqa harms the woman who wears it and is an expression of discrimination against women. A liberal society acquiesces, however, that individuals should free to muddle choices that may not be in their interest and that, to li beral eyes, demean them. This applies even to particularly distasteful expressions of degradation, such as the wearing of the burqa. If women are hale to wear the burqa against their will, the law should protect them against that coercion. It should not, however, impose a ban on those who have chosen to wear the burqa.Some suggest that burqas cause harm because they may pose security problems, or be incompatible with the needs of particular jobs. Such practical problems can usually be solved on a case-by-case basis without the need for draconian legislation. Should an employee be allowed to wear a cross at work? In almost every case the receipts should be Yes. There may be a pragmatic case for, say, banning loose chains that in certain workplaces may be dangerous but it is difficult to see what right an employer has simply to ban the wearing of a cross as a religious symbol.Should gay wedding ceremony be legalized? Yes. This is a matter both of secular equality and of religious freedom. On the one hand, the state should not exclude gays from the civil institution of marriage simply because of religious hostility. On the other, some faith groups wish to bless to gay marriage. For the state to deny them that right because other faith groups disagree would be to undermine religious freedom. What the state should not do is to force religious bodies to accept or consecrate gay marriage. Should a Catholic adoption agency be allowed to turn away gay prospective parents?If the agency receives public funding, or performs a service on behalf of the state, then the answer is No. It would then be legitimate for the state to insist that the agency does not discriminate, despite Catholic views on homosexuality. If, however, it is a private agency if it is simply performing a service for Catholic parents who subscribe to its views on homosexuality then the answer should be Yes. Should Christian bed and breakfast owners be allowed to turn away gays? Such owners, even if they are turning their own home into a bnb, are providing a service from which a gay couple could reasonably live equal treatment.The answer, therefore, is No. Should Catholic-run hospitals or schools be forced to give employees health insurance that includes free contraception? This is, of course, a source of major controversy in the USA. The answer is Yes. This is not a matter of religious freedom, but of employee rights. Churches are not being forced to provide contraception. In their role as secular employers, they are being asked to provide employee benefits that all employers must provide. To exempt Church-run organizations would be to deny those benefits to a particular group of employees. 15Having said all this, many of these conflicts would be better resolved through the pragmatic use of common sense than through the strict application of principle, particularly when those principles remain socially contested. A religious believer should not normally have the legal right to discriminate. But if it is possible to arrange matters so that a believer can act according to conscience without causing harm or discrimination to others, then it might be worthwhile doing so. In principle, a Christian marriage registrar should contain to have to perform gay civil partnerships, whatever their religious beliefs.However, it might make pragmatic sense to roster others to perform ceremonies for gay couples, not because we should accept prejudice prejudice, whether religious or secular in form, should always be challenged but in acknowledgement of the fact that genuine social conflict exists on this issue. We should not give an inch to bigotry. Someone whose conscience would not allow them to work with gays, or to marry Jews, should clearly not be indulged. Nevertheless, many represent gay partnerships or marriages as a matter of conscience and not simply through homophobia (albeit that conscience can, of course, often be a cover for homophobia).We can both chall enge such attitudes and accept that on matters of genuine conscience, a little leeway or accommodation that allows someone to live by their principles may be desirable. The law should not make any such accommodation. But as individuals, or as organizations, it may be wise to, though not at the cost of causing harm, allowing discrimination or endorsing bigotry. 16 There are exceptional cases in which we should set aside these basic principles. A marriage registrar should be expected in principle, if not necessarily in practice, to perform gay civil partnerships.But we should not expect a doctor or a nurse, even in principle, to perform an abortion, if they feel to do so is against their beliefs. Whatever we may think of the belief that life begins at conception, it would be wild in the extreme to expect those who do hold that belief to commit what they consider to be murder. 17 A pragmatic approach to matters of religious conscience is neither a sign of weakness nor a matter of acco mmodating the devil. Standing by political principle is vitally important, including the principle that people should have the right to act upon their conscience if possible.Why is that principle important? Because we recognize with Spinoza that No man can give up his freedom to judge and think as he pleases, and everyone is by absolute natural right master of his own thoughts. To recognize that is to recognize also that it is better if people are persuaded to act in a particular way, by exercising their freedom to judge and think, than being forced to do so by the power of the state. There are times when the state has to wield the big stick, particularly if acts of conscience lead to physical harm or discrimination.But such occasions, as a matter of principle, should be minimized as far as possible. To be pragmatic in this matter is to keep to ones principles. 18 The aim of rethinking religious freedom is to strengthen, not weaken, it. It is to establish it not as a special privile ge arising out of the turmoil of seventeenth century Europe but as one of a set of indispensible freedoms rooted in the needs and possibilities of the twenty-first century world. To plump for religious freedom in this manner is not to defend religion. It is to defend freedom.

The Vampire Diaries: The Struggle Chapter Fifteen

Elena, youre being rude Aunt Judith seldom got angry entirely she was angry forthwith. Youre in any(prenominal) case old for this kind of behavior.Its not rudeness You dont understand I understand perfectly. Youre acting in force(p) the look you did when Damon came to dinner. Dont you destine a guest deserves a micro more consideration?Frustration flooded all over Elena. You dont even know what youre talking ab parenthesis, she said. This was overly much. To hear Damons words coming from Aunt Judiths lips it was unbearable. Elena A color flush was creeping up Aunt Judiths cheeks. Imshocked at you And Ihave to saythat this childish behavior only started since youve been freeing taboo with that boy. Oh, that boy. Elena glared at Damon.Oh, really? Elena felt as if she were talking to Damon and Aunt Judith at once, and she looked back and forth between the two of them. every last(predicate) the emotions shed been suppressing for the last days for the last weeks, for the months since Stefan had come into her life were surging forward. It was desire a bang-up tidal wave inside her, over which she had no control.She realized she was shaking. Well, thats too bad because youre passing to have to tolerate it. I am never going to give Stefan up, not for anyone. Certainly not foryou This last was meant for Damon, simply Aunt Judith gasped.Thats enough Robert snapped. Hed appeared with Margaret, and his face was drear. Young lady, if this is how that boy encourages you to speak to your aunt Hes not that boy Elena took another step back, so she could face all of them. She was making a spectacle of herself, everyone in the courtyard was looking. But she didnt aid. She had been keeping a lid on her feelings for so long, shoving heap all the anxiety and the fear and the anger where it wouldnt be seen. All the worry ab come to the fore Stefan, all the terror over Damon, all the outrage and humiliation shed suffered at school, shed buried it deep. But now it was coming back. All of it, all at once, in a maelstrom of impossible violence. Her heart was power hammer crazily her ears rang. She felt that nothing mattered ask out to hurt the people who stood in front of her, to show them all.Hes not that boy, she said again, her voice deadly cold. Hes Stefan and hes all I care about. And I happen to be engaged to him.Oh, dont be ridiculous Robert thundered. It was the last straw.Is this ridiculous? She held up her hand, the ring toward them. Were going to get marriedYou arenot going to get married, Robert began. Everyone was furious. Damon grabbed her hand and stared at the ring, then let goed abruptly and strode away, every step entire of barely leashed savagery. Robert was spluttering on in exasperation. Aunt Judith was fuming.Elena, I absolutely forbid you Yourenot my mother Elena cried. Tears were trying to force themselves out of her eyes. She needed to get away, to be alone, to be with someone who loved her. If Stefan asks, tell him Ill be at the boarding house she added, and broke away done the crowd.She half expected Bonnie or Meredith to follow her, but she was glad they didnt. The parking lot was full of cars but almost empty of people. Most of the families were staying for the afternoon activities. But a battered Ford sedan was parked nearby, and a familiar figure was unlocking the door. matte Are you leaving? She made her decision instantly. It was too cold to walk all the way to the boarding house.Huh? No, Ive got to help Coach Lyman take the tables down. I was simply putting this away. He tossed the Outstanding Ath permite placard into the front seat. Hey, are you okay? His eyes widened at the sight ofYes no. I will be if I can get out of here. Look, can I take your car? Just for a little while?Well sure, but I know, why dont you let me drive you? Ill go tell Coach Lyman.No I just want to be alone Oh, please dont ask any questions. She almost snatched the keys out of his hand. Ill bring it back soon, I promise. Or Stefan will. If you see Stefan, tell him Im at the boarding house. And thanks. She slammed the door on his protests and revved the engine, pulling out with a clash of gears because she wasnt used to a stick shift. She left him standing in that respect staring after her.She drove without really seeing or hearing anything outside, gripeing, locked in her own spinning tornado of emotions. She and Stefan would run away They would elope They would show everyone. She would never set foot in Fells Church again.And then Aunt Judith would be sorry. Then Robert would see how wrong hed been. But Elena would never forgive them. Never.As for Elena herself, she didnt need anybody. She certainly didnt need stupid old Robert E. Lee, where you could go from being mega-popular to being a social pariah in one day just for loving the wrong person. She didnt need any family, or any friends, either retardent down to cruise up the winding driveway of the boarding house, Elena fe lt her thoughts slow down, too.Well she wasnt mad at all her friends. Bonnie and Meredith hadnt done anything. Or Matt. Matt was all right. In fact, she might not need him but his car had come in pretty handy.In spite of herself Elena felt a strangled giggle well up in her throat. Poor Matt. People always borrowing his clunking dinosaur of a car. He must think she and Stefan were nuts.The giggle let loose a few more tears and she sat and wiped them off, shaking her head. Oh, perfection, how did things turn out this way? What a day. She should be having a victory festivity because theyd beaten Caroline, and instead she was crying alone in Matts car.Carolinehad looked pretty damn funny, though. Elenas body shook gently with slightly hysterical chuckles. Oh, the look on her face. mortal better have a video of that.At last the sobs and giggles both abated and Elena felt a wash of tiredness. She leaned against the steering wheel trying not to think of anything for a while, and then sh e got out of the car.Shed go and wait for Stefan, and then theyd both go back and deal with the mess shed made. It would take a lot of clean up, she thought wearily. Poor Aunt Judith. Elena had yelled at her in front of half the town.why had she let herself get so upset? But her emotions were unagitated close to the surface, as she found when the boarding house door was locked and no one answered the bell.Oh, wonderful she thought, her eyes stinging again. Mrs. Flowers had gone off to the Founders Day celebration, too. And now Elena had the choice of sitting in the car or standing out here in this windstormIt moaned through the branches of the oak trees, bust off the remaining generates and move them down in showers. The sound was rising steadily now, not just a moan but a howl.And there was something else. Something that came not just from the wind, but from the air itself, or the space around the air. A feeling of pressure, of menace, of some unimaginable force. It was gather ing power, drawing nearer, closing in.Elena spun to face the oak trees.There was a stand of them behind the house, and more beyond, blending into the forest. And beyond that were the river and the graveyard.Something was out there. Something very badNo, whispered Elena. She couldnt see it, but she could feel it, like some great shape seating up to stand over her, blotting out the sky. Shefelt the evil, the hatred, the animal fury.Bloodlust. Stefan had used the word, but she hadnt understood it. Now she felt this bloodlust focused on her.NoHigher and higher, it was towering over her. She could still see nothing, but it was as if great wings unfolded, stretching to touch the horizon on either side. Something with a Power beyond comprehension and it wanted tokill No She ran for the car just as it stooped and dived for her. Her hands scrabbled at the door handle, and she fumbled frantically with the keys. The wind was screaming, shrieking, tearing at her hair. Gritty ice sprayed into h er eyes, blinding her, but then the key sour and she jerked the door open.Safe She slammed the door shut again and brought her fist down on the lock. Then she flung herself across the seat to check the locks on the other side.The wind roared with a thousand voices outside. The car began rocking.Stop it Damon, stop it Her thin cry was lost in the cacophony. She put her hands out on the dashboard as if to balance the car and it rocked harder, ice pelting against it.Then she saw something. The rear window was clouding up, but she could discern the shape through it. It looked like some great bird made of mist or snow, but the outlines were hazy. All she was sure of was that it had huge sweeping wings and that it was coming for her. conk the key in the ignition. Get it in Now go Her mind was rapping orders at her. The antiquated Ford wheezed and the tires screamed louder than the wind as she took off. And the shape behind her followed, getting larger and larger in the rearview mirror.I f she hadnt been skidding and braking already, the tree would have crashed down on her. As it was, the uncivilized impact shook the car like an earthquake missing the front right fender by inches. The tree was a mass of heaving, pitching branches, its ashes blocking the way back to town completely.She was trapped. Her only route home cut off. She was alone, there was no escape from this terrible PowerPower. That was it that was the key. The stronger your Powers are, the more the rules of the dark bind you.Running waterThrowing the car into reverse, she brought it around and then slammed into forward. The white shape banked and swooped, missing her as narrowly as the tree had, and then she was speeding down Old Creek Road into the worst of the storm.It was still after her. Only one thought pounded in Elenas brain now. She had to cross running water, to leave this thing behind. There were more cracks of lightning, and she glimpsed other trees falling, but she swerved around them. I t couldnt be far now. She could see the river flickering past on her left side through the driving ice storm. Then she saw the bridge.It was there shed made it A gust threw sleet across the windshield, but with the wipers next stroke she saw it fleetingly again. This was it, the turn should be abouthere.The car lurched and skidded onto the wooden structure. Elena felt the wheels grip at slick planks and then felt them lock. Desperately, she tried to turn with the skid, but she couldnt see and there was no roomAnd then she was crashing through the guardrail, the rotted wood of the footbridge giving way under weight it could no longer support. There was a sicken feeling of spinning, dropping, and the car hit the water.Elena heard screams, but they didnt seem to be connected with her. The river welled up around her and everything was noise and confusion and pain. A window bust as it was struck by debris, and then another. Dark water gushed across her, along with glass like ice. She w as engulfed. She couldnt see she couldnt get out.And she couldnt breathe. She was lost in this hellish tumult, and there was no air.She had to breathe. She had to get out of hereStefan, help me she screamed.But her scream made no sound. Instead, the icy water rushed into her lungs, invading her. She thrashed against it, but it was too strong for her. Her struggles became wilder, more uncoordinated, and then they stopped.Bonnie and Meredith were hunting around the perimeter of the school impatiently. Theyd seen Stefan go this way, more or less coerced by Tyler and his advanced friends. Theyd started to follow him, but then that business with Elena had started. And then Matt had informed them that shed taken off. So theyd set out after Stefan again, but nobody was out here. There werent even any buildings except one lonely Quonset hut.And now theres a storm coming Meredith said. Listen to that wind I think its going to rain.Or snow Bonnie shuddered. Where did theygo?I dont care I ju st want to get under a roof. Here it comes Meredith gasped as the first yellow journalism of icy rain hit her, and she and Bonnie ran for the nearest shelter the Quonset hut.And it was there that they found Stefan. The door was ajar, and when Bonnie looked in she recoiled.Tylers goon squad she hissed. Look outStefan had a semicircle of guys between him and the door. Caroline was in the corner.He must have it He took it somehow I know he did she was saying.Took what? said Meredith, loudly. Everyone turned their way.Carolines face contorted as she saw them in the doorway and Tyler snarled. Get out. he said. You dont want to be involved in this.Meredith ignored him. Stefan, can I talk to you?In a minute. Are you going to answer her question? Took what? Stefan was concentrating on Tyler, totally focused.Sure, Ill answer her question. Right after I answer yours. Tylers beefy hand thumped into his fist and he stepped forward. Youre going to be dog meat, Salvatore.Several of the tough g uys snickered.Bonnie opened her mouth to say, Lets getout of here. But what she actually said was, The bridge.It was supernatural enough to make everyone look at her.What? said Stefan.The bridge, said Bonnie again, without meaning to say it. Her eyes bulged, alarmed. She could hear the voice coming from her throat, but she had no control over it. And then she felt her eyes go wider and her mouth drop open and she had her own voice back. The bridge, oh, my God, the bridge Thats where Elena is Stefan, weve got to save her Oh, hurryYes, oh, God thats where shes gone. Shes drowningHurry Waves of thick blackness broke over Bonnie. But she couldnt faint now they had to get to Elena.Stefan and Meredith hesitated one minute, and then Stefan was through the goon squad, brushing them aside like tissue paper. They sprinted through the field toward the parking lot, dragging Bonnie behind. Tyler started after them, but stopped when the full force of the wind hit him.Why would she go out in thi s storm? Stefan yelled as they sprang into Merediths car.She was upset Matt said she took off in his car, Meredith gasped back in the comparative low-key of the interior. She pulled out fast and turned into the wind, speeding dangerously. She said she was going to the boarding house.No, shes at the bridge Meredith, drive faster Oh, God, were going to be too previous(a) Tears were running down Bonnies face.Meredith floored it. The car swayed, buffeted by wind and sleet. All through that nightmare ride Bonnie sobbed, her fingers clutching the seat in front of her.Stefans sharp warning kept Meredith from running into the tree. They piled out and were immediately lashed and punished by the wind.Its too big to move Well have to walk, Stefan shouted.Of course it was too big to move, Bonnie thought, already scrambling through the branches. It was a full-grown oak tree. But once on the other side, the icy gale whipped all thought out of her head.Within minutes she was numb, and the road s eemed to go on for hours. They tried to run but the wind beat them back. They could scarcely see if it hadnt been for Stefan, they would have gone over the riverbank. Bonnie began to weave drunkenly. She was ready to fall to the ground when she heard Stefan shouting up ahead.Merediths arm around her tightened, and they broke again into a stumbling run. But as they neared the bridge what they saw brought them to a halt.Oh, my God Elena screamed Bonnie. Wickery Bridge was a mass of splintered rubble. The guardrail on one side was gone and the planking had given way as if a giant fist had smashed it. Beneath, the dark water churned over a sickening pile of debris. Part of the debris, entirely underwater except the headlights, was Matts car.Meredith was screaming, too, but she was screaming at Stefan. No You cant go down thereHe never even glanced back. He dived from the bank, and the water closed over his head.Later, Bonnies stock of the next hour would be mercifully dim. She remember ed waiting for Stefan while the storm raged endlessly on. She remembered that she was almost beyond caring by the time a round-shouldered figure lurched out of the water. She remembered feeling no disappointment, only a vast and yawning grief, as she saw the limp thing Stefan laid out on the road.She remembered how he looked as they tried to do something for Elena. Only that wasnt really Elena lying there, that was a wax doll with Elenas features. It was nothing that had ever been animate and it certainly wasnt alive now. Bonnie thought it seemed silly to go on poking and prodding at it like this, trying to get water out of its lungs and so on. get up dolls didnt breathe. She remembered Stefans face when he finally gave up. When Meredith wrestled with him and yelled athim, saying something about over an hour without air, and brain damage. The words filtered in to Bonnie, but their meaning didnt. She just thought it odd that while Meredith and Stefan were screaming at each other t hey were both crying.Stefan stopped crying after that. He just sat there holding the Elena-doll. Meredith yelled some more, but he didnt listen to her. He just sat. And Bonnie would never forget his expression.And then something seared through Bonnie, manner of speaking her to life, waking her to terror. She clutched at Meredith and stared around for the source. Something bad something terrible was coming. Was almost here.Stefan seemed to feel it, too. He was alert, stiff, like a wolf picking up a scent.What is it? shouted Meredith. Whats wrong with you?Youve got to go Stefan rose, still holding the limp form in his arms. Get out of hereWhat do you mean? We cant leave you Yes, you can Get out of here Bonnie, get her outNo one had ever told Bonnie to take care of someone else before. People were always taking care of her. But now she seized Merediths arm and began pulling. Stefan was right. There was nothing they could do for Elena, and if they stayed whatever had gotten her would g et them.Stefan Meredith shouted as she was unaccountably dragged away.Ill put her under the trees. The willows, not the oaks, he called after them. Why would he tell us that now? Bonnie wondered in some deep part of her mind that was not taken up with fear and the storm.The answer was simple, and her mind promptly gave it back to her. Because he wasnt going to be around to tell them later.

An exploration of the different types of love in Shakespeare’s “Twelfth night”

What does Shakespe be convey about the nature and variety of contend in this play?Shakespeare explores a great variety of themes in this play, the main one being beloved and its many different natures. The aim of this essay is to examine the schoolbook to discover ways in which Shakespeare portrays love using characterisation and style.Orsino is the get-go character to speak in Twelfth night his first words are if music be the food of love play on. The main part of his speech describing his love for Olivia is consists of refined and eloquent language, which seems to be used to collide with rather than to express his feelings, he also talks more of love its self-importance than Olivia which makes you doubtful of his sincerityO spirit of love, how quick and fresh grand piano artLove PoemLove thoughts lie rich when canopied with bowersHe also thinks himself to be as all true caramels are in that the love he feels for Olivia is so intense that it is painfulAnd my desires like fell and cruel hounds,Eer since pursue meHe is also portrayed as inconsistent, in the first seven lines of the play he tires of the music, which had been played proclaiming that it, is non so sweet now as it was before. This also hints at the fact that when he possesses something he will lose interest in it.Orsino is Shakespeares mapation of the melancholy, he is a man who will worship a woman he does not know, and is often thought to be in love with the idea of love rather than Olivia herself. It also appears that Orsino is lacking in self confidence for two reasons the first is that he does not woe Olivia himself and the second is his craving for Olivia to adore him and be obsessed by himWhen liver, brain, and heart,These sovereign thrones, are all supplied, and filld(Her sweet perfections), one self same kingThe next main character to appear is genus Viola. Viola represents true love in two forms the first is her love for her brother. Her sincere love seems to contrast Olivias weep ing and obsessive grieving for her lost brother. It also appears as if she almost feels obliged to morn him in this way, to keep his memory freshA brothers dead love, which she would keep freshAnd lasting, in her sad remembrance.This suggests that the grief is in some way an act to attract respect and attention. The language used by Valentine to describe her, in that it is eloquent and ends in a rhyming couplet, echoes this.Viola is also shown as a true lover in her love for Orsino. She is ordain to sacrifice her own happiness for his and attempts to woe Olivia for him. Any other character would have tried to sway Olivia against him for selfish reasons.My lord and master love you. O such loveCould be but recompensed, though you were crownedThe nonpareil of beautyThe way in which she speaks to Olivia also reveals her true love, in that she describes how she would woe Olivia were she in Orsinos place. It expresses the way she feels about Orsino and proves her to be self-sacrificing b ecause she will not tell him, and will try and win Olivia.Make me a willow cabin at your gate,And call upon my soul within the houseWrite loyal cantons of contemned love,And sing them aloud even in the dead of the nightShe is also in a position to love Orsino sincerely as she knows him completelyThou knowst no less but all I have unclaspedTo thee the book even of my undercover soulAnother fact, which proves her love for him, is that she expresses her thoughts in soliloquies. This shows that she is not attempting to impress or influence any one in the manner in which she speaks or by the contentIll do my bestTo woo your lady. Yet a barful strifeWhoeer I woo, myself would be his wife.The next lovers to be encountered are Maria and Sir Toby. These two represent love in the midst of friends and also sexual love, lust. They seem to be brought together by similar pleasures, for example the love of playing tricks. In this sense their love is more true than Orsinos obsession with Olivia.S ir Andrew joins Maria and Sir Toby in the above scene. He is depicted as similar to Orsino in that he is an unrequited lover with little chance of attaining his desire. His love seems even less genuine as there is very little mention of his feelings for Olivia or even of him seeking her love.Olivia wherefore enters the play and mentions love almost immediately when declaring to Malvolio that he is sick of self love. The self-love Olivia mentioned is shown as another kind of love and also as a means to insert comedy into the play. Because Malvolio is so proud he is gulled by Marias trick and thus follows humorous circumstances.Olivia seems to be as inconstant a lover as Orsino in that she immediately comes out of mourning when Viola attempts to woo her. She also transfers her affections from Olivia to her brother without realising that they are not the same person.Antonio is similar to viola in his love for Sebastian. He is devoted to him and would do anything for him with out looki ng for recompense, for example he gives him his purse in case he wishes to buy a trinket or toy.In conclusion I feel that Shakespeare depicts the multiple natures of love very successfully through out the play and shows strong contrasts between them.

Comparative Essay: Iphone vs. Samsung Phone

Comparative essay IPhone vs. Samsung earphone Technique Point by Point In the 21st century, the languish phone has already become an indispensable instrument in human life. Human beings rely on smart phones in enter everything in their daily life. There are different smart phone manufactures all around the world such as Samsung, apple, Nokia, Motorola and so on. Among the smart phone manufacture, the orchard apple tree and Samsung smart phone manufacturer are the leader in the smart phone world. Thus, the products from these two manufacturers are famous among the users, such as the Apple iPhone 5 and the Samsung Galaxy personal credit line 2.Therefore, when we decide to buy a smart phone on either Apple iPhone 5 or the Samsung Galaxy observation 2, we should consider several aspects of the smart phone such as the design of the phone, the tv camera aspect, the life of battery potty stand, knell quality and the interface and knead of the smart phone. First, we touch about the fabulous design of both the phones. The latest debuted iPhone 5 has created an entirely new design that thinner and lighter than the iPhones before. It is just 7. 6 millimeters amazing thin and weighs 112g that made out of glass and aluminum.Moreover, its 4 inches screen is palm-friendly and easily to operate with just one hand. It is not only comfortable you goat say about the phone when a crystalline diamond is used to cut the chambers which give the beveled edge wonderful sheen, it makes you gorgeous as yet when you use it. On the other hand, Samsung Galaxy Note 2 is much bigger than iPhone5 that is 5. 5 inches screen, 9. 4mm thin and 180g weight. It offers perfect and fantastic viewing experience just resembling cinema like-viewing. As for one-handed operation, it is not impossible.It provides ways to scooch the on-screen keyboard or the dialer which iPhone5 cannot be beat. Besides, it has a non-unibody chassis that allow us to easily swap SIM cards, batteries or expand dep ot via a microSD slot. Since the design of the phones is incomparable which means they pitch their own unique design, we would like to compare other features on both of the phones. By comparing the camera of iPhone 5 and Samsung Galaxy Note II, the iPhone 5 mostly takes care of everything on its own. The iPhone 5 has a fast HDR mode and a new option for panoramic photos, which up to 28 megapixels.The picture quality of iPhone 5 has high levels of contingents and good colour representation, without excessive noise. The iPhone 5 can manage scenes with high driving range better, and it in addition sports more constrast in its pictures, making them more visually appealing. The 1080 flicks of iPhone 5 and the Note II exhibit the same great amount of detail and crisp focus as the still scenes, with 30fps inside and outdoors. The iPhone 5 footage comes with higher pipeline, and looks less washed out under bright sunlight.For the Note II, it offers most major options like face/smile recognition, Panorama, HDR, low light mode and many others. It also has an abundance of scene and focus modes, as well as get of colour effects. The picture and video gallery on Note II split the screen with folders on the left for faster navigation and has richer editing capabilities built into it. The music players on both devices also offer tune categorizations and minimalistic interface. Note II offers more functions via sound modes and equalizer. Note II also has an FM radio.Both handsets also have excellent quality of loudspeakers, but the iPhone 5 unit sounds a ghost fuller and clearer. The interface and functionality of these two phones run different operating system, which the Apple iPhone always run on iOS system, and now the iOS is updated to the version iOS 6 while Galaxy Note II runs the latest version of android system that is android 4. 1 Jelly Bean. Android also offers plenty of customisation on the home screen and users can utilize widgets, custom launchers, cus tom keyboards and more.Android also doesnt have to rely on iTunes for content synchronising and transfer and the iPhone 5 has the traditional grid of icons and everything else is pretty much neatly tucked away under settings. In terms of customisation, picking a wallpaper and ringtones can be used. Moreover, the processors and memory inside these two phones are different too. Apple using manually intentional with 1. 3 GHz dual-core A6 processor with its own core architecture, while the Galaxy Note II is equipped with a quad-core at 1. 6GHz.The Note II can do multitasks efficient than iPhone 5. Besides that, the performance of the two phones also is depended on the user how to function it. Furthermore, the iPhone 5 has 1 GB of RAM, while the Galaxy Note II has 2 GB of the thing, and both have the basic versions starting with 16 GB of internal memory, going up to 32 GB or 64 GB variants. The Note II, however, sports a microSD slot for cheaper storage expansion. In overall, the interf ace and functionality of Samsung Galaxy Note II is better than Apple iPhone 5. In contrast on the attery task, the Note II has the largest screen ever placed in a phone, and also the battery match with a 3,100 mAh unit tucked in neatly into its large body. It is rated for 35 hours talk time in 2G mode and 16 hours of talk time in 3G mode, and furthermore more than a calendar month of standby (up to 890hours). However, the iPhone 5 has a 1,440 mAh battery, and is rated for 8 hours of talk time in 2G and 3G mode. Both handsets will deliver more than 10 hours of browsing or video watching on a charge, which are excellent results.On the other hand, the similarity of these two smart phones is discovered by smart users. There is an aspect that sort of alike, which, aspect on calls quality. In the aspect call quality, both iPhone 5 and Note II carrying remarkable call quality, with loud and clear voices in the earpiece, even clean sound relay to the other end. The noise-cancelling do a ve ry good job of weeding out the background noisy, with the iPhone 5 sporting a tad better sound capture probably thanks to the tri-mic setup it has going on. In a nut shell, the two phones functioning well in call quality.In conclusion, both Apple and Samsung products, Apple iPhone 5 and the Samsung Galaxy Note 2 have their own advantages and disadvantages. Thus, it falls upon the user to compare the similarities and differences between Apple iPhone 5 and the Samsung Galaxy Note 2 such as the design of the phone, the camera aspect, the life of battery can stand, call quality and the interface and function of the smart phone before buying the smart phone. Moreover, its also depending on the need of the user on the aspect. A- Group members See Li Min tangent Sheue Ley Tan Siok Ying Chan Yi Qi Pei Leng

How to Structure a Dissertation

How to body structure a Dissertation?Chapter and Sections Explained General mental synthesis of a DissertationM either students are confused about the dissertation grammatical construction requirements given to them by their tutors, and get this wrong will affect their final grade. Below you will find an easy to follow guide to structure a dissertation. It is recommended that you create the titles and subtitles before you take up the dissertation with content, and determine how long each chapter will be to make up the required dissertation watchword count.How to structure a dissertationThe hobby guide gives you the general rules of dissertation structure used for dissertations that include primary seek? Title Page Make sure that you check the information that postulate to be included in the title page. Some validations ask for the total word count and your supervisors name, as well as your person-to-person and course information.? Dedication This page is often neglected b y students, but has an important role in structuring your dissertation. You unavoidableness to dedicate your work to a person, institution, or cause. As an example, you might dedicate your dissertation to the institution that supported your research.? Acknowledgements This short part of your dissertation will acknowledge the support and help you received from your tutors, institution, or colleagues.? Abstract A summary of the dissertation, including purpose and findings.? Table of Contents? Introduction This introduces the study and establishes the research context. It should include a statement of the problem under consideration, the accusive of the research, what or who is included in the study, and an overview of the structure of the dissertation.? Literature Review This gives an extensive background to relevant theories. It should explore and critique past research and any informative models. It should end with the research questions to be answered by the study.? Methodo logy This part of the dissertation structure sets out the way the study was carried out, and should include sub fractions, such asi. explore philosophy ii. Approach and strategyiii. Data collection and analysisiv. Issues with access to subjects / data, v. Reliabilityvi. Validity and applicability vii. Ethical issues and any limitations related to your research? Results This section sets out the results of your study. The emphasis is upon raw data rather than interpretations and conclusions, and you might want to create tables or/and charts to improve the structure of the dissertation and present your results more clearly.? countersign This part of the dissertation discusses the results in a wider context, and links with themes drawn out during the literature review are considered. Further, you will have to critique the theses and theories discussed in the literature review section based on the results of the study. You need to state whether the evidence provides support for th e research hypothesis. Each research question is discussed with reference to the evidence. This section as well provides a brief recapitulation of the literature review and methodology.? Conclusion This dissertation section summarises the study. No new material is to be introduced here, but drawbacks of the study send packing be included, and recommendations for future research can be made.?References These must be listed in the format approved by your university.?Appendices This important part of the dissertation includes questionnaires, tables, transcripts of interviews and statistical outputs. As appendices are not part of your total word count , they can be useful for holding information where you are worried your word count is too high.Chapters of a Dissertation Explained The main purpose of the dissertation structure is to present your research and ideas in a logical way. If you know how to structure a dissertation the correct way, you are more likely to get it right the first time, instead of being asked to make amendments for months before it can be accepted by your institution.The introductions purpose is to inform the reader about the purpose and setting of the study. The literature review shows your institution that you have finish the required background studies. To state your methodology, you must be aware of different research approaches and methods in your selected academic field. The Results section of the dissertation must be coordinate in a way that the outcomes are easily interpreted by the reader. You can voice your criticism and reflect on the findings and theories in the Discussion section. In the Conclusion and Recommendations section of the dissertation, you must show that your research has delivered important knowledge for a certain industry or field of study.The Literature Review Structure In this section, you need to compare and contrast the views of different authors on the issue you are researching, highlight the gaps and co ntradictions in topical literature, and demonstrate how your study is related to current and past research. If you are confused about what to include in this dissertation section, ask our our site experts on structuring your literature review.The Correct Dissertation Methodology Structure You will need to state your research philosophy either positivism, interpretivism, or post-positivism. In the next section, you have to state your research approach, followed by strategy and research design, data collection and analysis methods, and finally the ethical considerations, validity, and generalisability of the research, as well as the limitations of the study. For a full guide on how to structure a methodology chapter, check out our detailed our site guide on methodology structure.How to Clarify the Dissertation Structure Requirements Most colleges and universities publish their guidelines on dissertation structure. You might want to clarify the word count requirements and referencing guidelines for each chapter with your professor before you start working on your dissertation. Remember that each field of study and institution have their own specific requirements for word count, formatting referencing, and chapters, so you must obtain information and should not rely on general information on structuring a dissertation.You might need to seek further advice and guidance on how to structure a dissertation and what to include in each chapter. If you have any specific queries or questions, you can submit your question to the our site support page, and get an expert in your academic field give you further guidance.Do you need help writing your dissertation or thesis? Contact Us TodaySummary Reviewer Admin Robert Gil Review Date 2017-07-25 Reviewed Item Structuring a dissertation Author order 5

What’s the Difference: a Review of Contemporary Research on the Effectiveness of Distance Learning in Higher Education

diary of surpass Education/ Revue de lenseignement a outer space take shape/Printemps 1999 Vol. 14, No. 1, 102-114 Whats the Difference A Review of Contemporary Research on the Effectiveness of Distance Learning in Higher Education Ronald Phipps and Jamie Merisotis American Federation of Teachers, National Education Association, 1999, 48 pages procurable online at http//www. ihep. com/difference. pdf Mark Bullen With the increasing popularity of web-establish instruction, it seems thither has been an explosion of print question, evaluation, and other literature related to out outdo education.For some time now I have found it increasingly difficult to stay on top of this festering body of literature. So when this report first came across my desk (or screen), I felt a sense of relief that finally somebody had taken the time to synthesize and evaluate some of this growing body of distance education research. The stated purpose of this 48-page report is to examine the research on the effectivity of distance education in order to inform public policy. The specific questions the report sought to get along were 1. What be the findings of the research on the specialty of distance education? 2. be they valid? . Are there gaps in the research that require further investigation? 4. What does the literature suggest for the future? The report is divide into four main sections 1. What Does the Original Research Say About the Effectiveness of Distance Learning? 2. What Are the Key Shortcomings of the Research? 3. What Are the Gaps in the Research that Require Further Investigation and Information? 4. Implications. It is of the essence(p) to note that the suss out is limited to material published in the 1990s that dealt with two-way interactive telecasting, hotshot-way prerecorded video, two-way audio/oneway video, and computer-mediated learning.No definitions of these technologies are provided, which is particularly problematic for computer-mediated learn ing because it could refer to online technologies as closely as stand-alone computer-based technologies, multimedia technologies, text-based computer conferencing, and both synchronous and asynchronous technologies. Not surprisingly, the chapter that reappraisals the original research concludes that the experimental studies tend to show that distance students perform as well as or bump than campus-based students and that the descriptive and ase studies show generally positive student and faculty attitudes. The authors say they analyzed 40 of the about important and salient research studies of the 1990s and that they collected several hundred articles, essays, and other writings published in major journals on distance learning. However, plainly five journals appear to have been consulted. The list includes one journal that ceased publication in 1993 (Research in Distance Education) and does not include one of the most highly regarded journals in the field, Distance Education. I n the review chapter, only 10 studies are cited.Three of these are from the American Journal of Distance Education, one is from the Journal of Distance Education, four are papers from a regional American distance education conferences, one is a paper from the national American conference of the Association for educational Communications and technology, and one is a case study prepared for the California State University system. The limited research on which this review appears to be based is critically important to bear in mind when variation the chapter on the key shortcomings of the research.This chapter concludes that much of the research is flawed and therefore of questionable value. Specifically the report suggests 1. immaterial variables were often not controlled for 2. Researchers failed to use random assignment of subjects to treatment and control groups 3. The validity and reliability of measuring rod instruments are suspect 4. Reactive effects of subjects were not prop erly controlled for. Two studies not cited in the review chapter are cited here, which brings the total number of studies cited to 12.One of the additional studies is from a paper presented at a regional American distance education conference, the other from a meeting of the National Association for Research in acquisition Teaching. What stands out clearly in this chapter is the objectivist/quantitative frame of reference from which the research is critiqued. in that location is no fee for research informed by subjectivist epistemologies that use interpretivist/qualitative methods. In fact, earlier in the report only four research approaches are described descriptive, case study, correlational, and experimental.I suspect the criticisms of the research in the report are not far off the mark. Several years ago I conducted a similar review and reached similar conclusions (Bullen, 1990). However, the answer does not lie in tightening the methodological screws, but in rethinking the consentient research approach. Ethical and practical considerations make it almost impossible to conduct truly experimental studies in education. Students cannot be randomly assigned to control and treatment groups in these kinds of situations.Controlling extraneous variables inculpates that technologies cannot be utilize in ways that take advantage of their unmatched characteristics. For example, imposing this kind of control when comparing video with classroom instruction would mean simply producing a videorecording of the classroom presentation for the distance students instead of exploiting the unique symbol system offered by video. Another implicit assumption underlying this report is that classroom-based instruction is the norm and that any new technology must measure up to this.The report suggests that the research on the military capability of distance education places too much emphasis on the utopian possibilities of the technology and its potential to do as well as cl assroombased instruction. But not enough pragmatism has been applied to allow for a discussion of distance learnings practical implications as a supplement to enhance training and learning (p. 30). In fact there is probably far less research on the effectiveness of traditional classroom-based instruction at the higher education level than there is research that focuses on distance education.The two chapters that deal with the gaps in the literature and the implications are probably the most useful, even if they are based on a rather weak foundation. Among the more useful recommendations for further research are the adjacent 1. More emphasis should be placed on the evaluation of whole programs rather than star courses 2. There needs to be more emphasis on individual differences such as gender, age, educational experience, motivation and learning style 3. Research should focus on the interaction of multiple technologies rather than the impact of single technologies.The report conc ludes with three broad implications 1 Access is more than a technical issue it depends on quality and student skills to use the technologies 2 Faculty roles will change from content expert to a combination of content expert, learning process design expert, and process implementation manager and 3 Technology is often not nearly as important a factor as issues such as learning tasks, learner characteristics, student motivation, and the instructor. Reports that thoroughly review and analyze different strands of the literature help usy distance education practitioners immensely. Although this report makes some valuable recommendations for future research, its narrow scope, limited reach, and epistemological bias mean it does little to help us stay on top of the literature. Reference Bullen, M. (1990). Learner responses to television in distance education The need for a qualitative approach to research. In B. Clough (Ed. ), Proceedings of the ninth yearbook conference of the Canadian As sociation for the Study of Adult Education (pp. 48-53). Victoria, BC University of Victoria.Mark Bullen Mark Bullen is Assistant coach in the Distance Education and Technology division of Continuing Studies at the University of British Columbia. He assists in the planning and management of the unit, participates in the strategic planning for the development of distance education and distributed learning programs and courses, and provides leading in the application of educational technology to the design and development of distance education and distributed learning courses and other educational materials (email mark. emailprotected ca).

Learning Organizations Essay

1. 1 Executive summary/ L. O In clock of uncertainty and change, organizations get invigoratedfound and issueive managerial tools in order to cope with the rising competitiveness of markets. In this context, the judgment of organizational knowledge is receiving growing attention among both managerial and academic surroundings in the in conclusion two decades. Among many possible definitions of a Learning Organization, David A. Garvin, a leading scholar in this field, suggests the adjacent an organization made up of employees skilled at creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge.These people could help their firms cultivate tolerance, foster able discussion, and think ho appointic in tout ensembley and systemically. Such knowledge organizations would be able to adapt to the unpredictable more quickly than their competitors could. . A learnedness organization is aimed at increasing the flexibility and effectiveness of a company, making it react hurried to changes in a competitive surround. This is achieved in cultures who constantly foster knowledge inside their organizations.Although this general judgement of organizational education may appear rather simplistic at first glance, its realistic integration into day-to-day operations proves to require a more excellent, systematic approach Generative learnedness dopenot be sustained in an organization where reddent thinking predominates. It requires a conceptual framework of morphological or systematical thinking, the ability to disc over structural causes of behavior. This paper provides a deeper insight into the implementation and work assessment of learning organizations (L. O. s), mainly using the Three Building Blocks Model outlined by Garvin, Edmondson & Gino.To classify understand this concept, the work will rely on abscond as an recitation to highlight how L. O. s shadower provide competitive advantages to corporations. In the last section, the paper will also breakdown the effect that learning organizations have on major stakeholders ( leading, employees and organization itself). 1. 2. Introduction Background to go off decamp is a US-based multinational, founded in 1906, which produces and sales printers and photocopiers and provides related services. Throughout its history, turn back has faced several crisis periods which ended up pushing the company to be experience a Learning Organization.Around 1980, the company was hit hard by the emergence of new japanese players on the market and lost its almost 100% market sh atomic number 18. As a response Xerox introduced the leadinghip through quality initiative with the objective of training every employee in tools for generating ideas and collecting information, solving problems in a systematical way, r distributivelying consensus etc. Xerox became a matter study the first Ameri tail end group to win back market share from the Japanese. more than recently, in the year of 2000, with the announcemen t of Anne M. Mulcahy as CEO of the company, XEROXs was able to overcome an separate(prenominal) serious crisis.Mulcahys leading style, which mirrors many of the strategies suggested by the LO literature, managed to second around this sinking ship, which had 19 billion in debt, a falling stock and double-digit negative growth. In 5 years time, Xerox would be profitable again. Ursula destroy has continued Mulcahys work, since become the new CEO in 2009, even acquiring new companies such as the 2010 $6. 4 bln. takeover of ACS. Xerox continues to stay on the list of companies frequently cited as learning organizations. The 3 Building Blocks of a Learning OrganizationThe concept of the 3 building blocks of a learning organizations is introduced by David A. Garvin, Amy C. Edmondson, and Francesca Gino as an assessment tool to determine areas where organizations need to correct their learning methodologies. Below we provide a deeper ex deviceation of for each one of the three buildi ng blocks and how Xerox fits each one of them. Building Block 1 XEROX, a verifying learning organization? There are four distinct characteristics of an organization that determine whether it is or not a Supportive Learning Organization. commencement ceremonyly, how psychologically safe its employees facial expression.This is mutual in organizations where employees dont feel pressured or marginalized when presenting their own ideas even if these go against what the majority of the organization thinks. Similarly, subordinates at this organization are encouraged to disagree with their coworkers and superiors and present new and bold face opinions, meaning that this organization is opened to new ideas. In a underpinive learning organization, employees also become aware of the different inputs and opinions each member of a team exploits to the table and learns how to accommodate and value those differences.Lastly, a supportive learning organization inescapably to provide its empl oyees with some time for reflexion, when they will to go over the companys procedures and analyse last(prenominal) performances in order to assess what can be changed and/or improved. Tolerance and diversity at Xerox Xeroxs openness to new ideas can be partly linked to its high diversity of employee backgrounds, which ultimately reinforces the acceptance and inclusion of different solutions, making employees feel more comfortable in taking risk of infections.This diversity has also enabled Ursula Burns, the veritable CEO, to climb up the ranks of Xerox and become the first female black CEO of a Fortune 500 company. Besides world a proof to other employees that effort at Xerox pays back, Burns herself stresses this idea of a supportive learning organization when she mentions that she wants XEROXs 130,000 employees to get over the past, take more initiative, become more fearless and be more frank and impatient with one another to ratchet up performance.Burns refers to the all Xero x community as the XEROX family- When were in the family, you dont have to be as nice as when youre outside of the family,( ) I want us to stay civilised and kind, but we have to be frank and the reason we can be frank is because we are all in the same family. Building Block 2 Does Xerox implement concrete learning carry outes and practices? Because a learning organization is not cultivated effortlessly, organizational entities must put explicit processes in place to ensure that knowledge is constantly generated and collected inside the organization.The information must indeed be interpreted and infused into the organization to be always accessible in a way that will support problem-solving tasks and benefit its constant transformational processes. Moreover, this will also help to develop new products or services, as surface as closely observe competitors, clients and technological developments, using benchmarking techniques. Lastly, the company has to invest in training meas ures for its employees. primary(prenominal)Education and problem-solving at Xerox The Six Sigma Method In the case of Xerox, measures to implement LO practices started as beforehand(predicate) as 1983 when executive management inaugurated Xeroxs leadership through quality initiative. The initiatives remnant was improving business processes to create higher levels of customer satisfaction, quality and productivity by providing workshops to Xerox employees. These workshops were refined in the late 90s, reorienting around the Six Sigma method, which had previously been successfully applied in other companies.Although these efforts proved successful in improving productivity, they were precisely limited to a local supply twine level and were not conducted regularly. In 2002 the management of Xerox then decided to implement the Six Sigma outline across the whole organization, an effort which Xerox is continuing today. This is shown by the fact that the method has become part of the everyday communication process inside the company. The Six Sigma strategy is a tool, which inducts employees to become more cost-efficient and proactive in daily problem-solving situations, for cause by using the DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) approach.Six Sigma also requires the employees to closely monitor market trends and to apply benchmarking appropriately. Xerox in particular emphasizes the fact that they see the efforts to implement the Six Sigma method (see auxiliary 1) as a long-term project. This idea is aligned with the academic literature on LOs stating that becoming a LO is a long process and small setbacks should be expect. This is because employees and the management have to bury old modes of thinking. Information distribution at Xerox Xerox provides employees with access to a large intranet consisting of e.g. acknowledgement knowledge, material on best practices, and answers to frequently asked questions. This helps the stakeholders inside the company to share information. It also supports the efforts to keep employees advised on what the priorities are for the overall company. Building Block 3 Are Xerox leaders reinforcing learning? Leaders in a L. O. promote constant learning by raising difficult questions and comprehend to the answers and concerns of their employees. While doing so, leaders also communicate openness to these new ideas and take them into consideration in their actions.Additionally, leaders have to encourage employees to invest their time in reflecting on both how to solve current problems and what can be learned from past performance. The ultimate goal is for leaders to motivate employees to question the underlying assumptions of current modes of thinking, and therefore initiate efficiency and innovation inside company processes. Promoting Initiative at Xerox For the past two decades, Xerox has engaged their employees to participate in the Earth Awards Program.The goal of this yearly event is to come up with solutions for saving company resources by increasing its efficiency, therefore making it a greener company. With this challenging program, Xerox motivates their employees to generate new ideas that, for instance, in 2010, resulted in company savings of $10. 2 Million. In that year, thirteen winners were announced, corporate wide and among different teams. This is an example of how leaders take their employees input seriously and how the generation of new initiatives at Xerox arises from both top and bottom levels of hierarchies.Encouraging employees to invest their time in reflecting by example Senior management at Xerox demonstrates the behaviors, which they in turn expect from employees. A clear example of this policy was when, in 1993, the executive management put together the Presidential Review process. The objective of this process was to review the overall progress of the company collectively through Presidential Review process in 1993. Interviews were organize d with more than 30 senior managers answering questions like What has changed? Where are the largest gaps between what was intended and what is shortly true?If you were to outline barriers that need to be dealt with, what comes to mind? What would you have done differently? . After the interviews, 45 seniors got together for one day meeting to hear trouble spots and develop recommendations. Action plan was the result . 3. The Effect on Leaders, Followers and Organizations Becoming a successful learning organization can provide a company with significant competitive advantages in the long-run, as it also can generally benefit its major stakeholders (employees and leaders). However, it also requires some behavioral changes from them. In order to achieve the goal of a L.O. (foster knowledge creation and sharing to gain competitive advantage), it is important that leaders infuse a common goal inside the organization. This implies, that leaders should have an effective communication in delivering the company ethos to their subordinates. Once employees identify with the company and its goal, people on all levels of the company would naturally start thinking and discussing promising new ways to achieve these goals. On the other hand, learning processes require time among other resources, and eventually leaders will have to find efficient ways to maximize the time of their employees.It is crucial to determine a balance between time spent going over problem-solvings tasks and past performance analysis (required for learning processes) with regular work. Additionally, leaders will have to define the line between acceptable mistakes- those that arrive from risk taking attitudes, and unacceptable mistakes those originated by irresponsibility and lack of accountability. This is not always clear and, therefore, leaders talent face some obstacles in implementing a learning culture as their workers fear of punishment can result in the limitation of creativity.Probably the most effective tool to boost innovation is to empower workers. But if the empowerment process provides employees the feeling that they are contributing and helping to define the company processes, then a new attitude is also required from them. Employees will have to remember that they are expected to show initiative, propose new ideas and act. And they should not always expect directions to do so. This can be particularly hard for workers who are risk-averse and who need clear instructions about their work role.Learning organizations can bring significant benefits to employees. Being part of the company processes transformation and being aligned with its goals are expected to shake up employees more motivated and dynamic. In this way, many of the aspects of the L. O. raise the levels of enjoying the work process. The job satisfaction in turn is expected to raise productivity levels. Also, because employees are more exposed to those in higher positions in the company, new career o pportunities might arise together with monetary rewards. RISKS FOR COMPANY No learning organization is create overnight.Success comes from carefully cultivated attitudes, commitments, and management processes that accrue slowly and steadily. The first step is to foster an environment conducive to learning. Analog Devices, Chaparral Steel, Xerox, GE, and other companies provide enlightened examples. (http//w3. ualg. pt/mzacaria/gic/HBR-Building-a-Leaning-Organization. pdf) 2. Organizations should be careful in applying new principles ensuring buy-in from most influential employees and checking progress not to fall into the trap of unfeasable change which could seriously bruise current business (see http//knowledge.wharton. upenn. edu/article. cfm? articleid=268) 4. Final considerations As illustrated by the above analysis, as well by its overall economic performance in the last 11 years, it has become clear that XEROX has largely succeeded in becoming a LO. Arguably, Xerox has bec ome so successful in its LO efforts that this has resulted in providing learning services to other companies through subsidiary spin offs, such as Xerox Learning Services. Concerning the paygrade of the theory proposed by Garvin, Gino and Edmondson, it has to be noted that the building blocks have to be seen as interdependent.Without effective leadership and learning environment, the learning process implementation will likely fail. Therefore, each of the above building blocks needs to be tackled by taylormade strategies, not least because companies do not perform consistently in each department. Similarly, organizations have to pay especial attention to comparing the extent of the learning process with other organizations, since only then you will have a solid benchmarking (in contrast to looking only at unmarried company performance over time). Attachment 1 1 . OKeeffe, T. 2002.Organizational Learning a new perspective. Journal of European Industrial Training, 26 (2), pp. 130- 141. 2 . Peter Senge (1990), The Fifth Discipline 3 . Is yours a learning organization? 4 . One good source on Xerox crisis times http//knowledge. wharton. upenn. edu/article. cfm? articleid=268 5 . Building a L. O. 6 . http//www. economist. com/node/387740 7 . http//www. economist. com/node/387740 8 . http//mitleadership. mit. edu/r-mulcahy. php 9 . The following work will assume that the stance of the management towards encouraging the LO inside Xerox has remained constant.Since Mulcahy had been working with Burns for more than 9 years, Burns is expected to put her own stamp on the company in a way that was deferential to the work of Ms. Mulcahy, who remains chairwoman. See http//www. nytimes. com/2010/02/21/business/21xerox. html? pagewanted=all&_r=1& 10 . http//www. freepatentsonline. com/article/SAM-Advanced-Management-Journal/20982068. html 11 . http//www. businesswire. com/news/home/20041027005036/en/Diversity-Practices-Organization-Recognizes-Xerox-Diversity-Lead ership 12 . Farmer, Paula (August). The First African American To Head A Fortune 500 Company, Franklin D.Raines Takes Over Fannie Mae. The Black Collegian. Retrieved November 7, 2008. 13 . Bryant, A. (February 20, 2010) Xeroxs refreshing Chief Tries to Redefine Its Culture, The New York Times 14 . Bryant, A. (February 20, 2010) Xeroxs New Chief Tries to Redefine Its Culture, The New York Times 15 . Garvin, Edmondson & Gino (2008), p. 4 16 . Page 11 http//www. xerox. com/downloads/ regular army/en/n/nr_SixSigmaForumMag_2004_Aug. pdf It could be argued that these efforts were a spillover-effect from Xerox ground-breaking benchmarking efforts in its production process areas in billing, warehousing, and automated manufacturing. 17 .Page 13 http//www. xerox. com/downloads/usa/en/n/nr_SixSigmaForumMag_2004_Aug. pdf 18 . Slide 68http//www. moyak. com/ cover/learning-organization-presentation. pdf 19 . Easterby-Smith, M. , Crossan, M. , and Nicolini, D. 2000. Organizational learni ng debates past, present and future. Journal of Management Studies. 37 (6) pp 783-796. See also Senges definition of mental models, which refer to how workers need to time to overcome old modes of thinking Senge, P. M. 1990. The Fifth Discipline. capital of the United Kingdom Century Business. 20 . http//www. xerox. com/downloads/usa/en/n/nr_SixSigmaForumMag_2004_Aug. pdf 21 . Kaye, L.(November 15, 2010) Xeroxs Green Ideas drop a line Company $10. 2 Million, http//www. triplepundit. com/ 22 . Garvin, D. A. (2000), Learning in Action a guide to putting the learning organization to work, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data p. 105 23 . Garvin, D. A. (2000), Learning in Action a guide to putting the learning organization to work, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data p. 105 24 . Emerald multitude Publishing Limited. ImageXerox lean six sigma framework. Figure 3Xerox lean six sigma framework. emeraldinsight. com http//www. emeraldinsight. com/journal s. htm? articleid=1628232&show=html.